Than vs. Then How to Choose the Right Word

Because the words than and then sound alike, they are sometimes confused. Although they  were once used interchangeably—indeed centuries ago their spellings and pronunciations frequently interchanged—now there is a clear difference between them. Use than to make a comparison; use then to place events in time or things in order. How to Use Than The function word than is used to indicate a point of difference or comparison, as in: Shes taller than you are. Than usually follows a comparative  form,  but it can also follow words such as other  and  rather. The grandmasters of style, William Strunk and E.B. White, in their book, The Elements of Style, say that you should carefully examine any sentence with than to ensure that no essential words are missing. For example, if you say, Im probably closer to my mother than my father, this is an ambiguous sentence, say Strunk and White. Its unclear in this comparison if the speaker is closer to her mother than she is to her father or whether she is closer to her mother than her father is. To use than correctly, the writer could instead say, Im probably closer to my mother than I am to my father or Im probably closer to my mother than my father is. This makes the comparison clear in each case. How to Use Then The adverb then means at that time, in that case, or next, as in: He laughed and then he cried. This use of then orders events in terms of time. A similar use of then when placing events in order might be, I first went to the store, and then I got gas. Merriam-Webster notes that you can also use then to denote a previous time: Back  then, children played outside a lot more often. This means that in a previous era, children spent less time indoors. You can also use then to order items, as in: I first counted the bills and then counted the change. Or, Finish your homework, and then you can watch TV. Examples When trying to determine whether you should use than or then, remember that than makes a comparison, whereas then involves ordering events or items. Take the sentence: The quiz was harder than I had expected. In this case, you are making an implied comparison; the test was more difficult than your previous expectations of the test. By contrast, if you say: I answered two questions and then got stuck. You are ordering events; you first answered two questions and then (subsequently), you were stumped. George Orwell, in his classic book Animal Farm, shows how you can use both then and than in the same sentence: Snowball was racing across the long pasture that led to the road. He was running as only a pig can run, but the dogs were close on his heels. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him.  Then he was up again, running faster  than ever, then the dogs were gaining on him again. In the final sentence in this passage, the first use of then orders events, noting that Snowball, the pig, slipped and then was up again. The sentence then makes a comparison using the word than: Snowball was running faster than he ran before. Then the sentence again orders events: Snowball was running faster (than ever), but the dogs were then (subsequently) gaining on him. How to Remember the Difference The character Judge Daniel Phelan speaking to Detective Jimmy McNulty in the episode â€Å"One Arrest in the television show, The Wire, explained how to tell the difference between then and than in an impromptu grammar lesson: Look here, Jimmy. You misspelled culpable. And you’re confusing then and than. T-h-e-n is an adverb used to divide and measure time. Detective McNulty makes a mess, and then he has to clean it up. Not to be confused with t-h-a-n, which is most commonly used after a comparative adjective or adverb, as in: Rhonda is smarter than Jimmy. Additionally, both than and comparison have the letter a in them, and then and time both contain the letter e. Or you can remember that than is a comparative adjective or adverb, and both have the letter a, as in: This is bigger than that. By contrast, then and extra both have the letter e. When you are ordering a list or events, you are adding something extra to the previous item, as in: He did this, then he did that, and then he did this other thing. Sources Associated Press Stylebook, The. Basic Books, 2018.How to Use Then and Than | Ask The Editor | Learners Dictionary.Strunk, William, and E. B. White.  The Elements of Style. Allyn and Bacon, 2000.Then’ Versus ‘Than.  Quick and Dirty Tips, Grammar Girl, 27 Oct. 2017.

Love and Marriage Between Wickham and Lydia - 721 Words

Love and marriage between Wickham and Lydia Pride and Prejudice is the most successful and popular novel written by Jane Austen. It revolves around the intricacies of courtship and marriage between members of social classes, which, in this case, is her own class – the middle class. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen describes many different loves and marriages. Whereby, she can express her viewpoint that one’s character often reflects his or her marriage and attitudes towards love. In this essay, I want to focus and analyse the sex-oriented marriage between a dissolute Wickham and an empty-minded Lydia. Wickham first appears as a very charming fellow. As an officer in the regiment stationed at Meryton, Wickham is quickly judged to be a†¦show more content†¦Lydia is the youngest of the Bennet’s sisters. She is gossip, immature, and self-involved. She is also the favorite of her mother because the two have such similar characters. Mrs. Bennet’s affection has brought her into public at an early age; therefore, makes her become a stout, well-grown girl of fifteen. She has high animal spirits, and a sort of natural self-consequence, which the attentions of the officials, toShow MoreRelatedEssay on Pride and Prejudice1080 Words   |  5 PagesRough Draft 4. Compare and Contrast Elizabeth, Jane, and Lydia. Which one do you think will have the happiest marriage? Why? The concept of love is developed and endured throughout an healthy relationship in Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice. She successfully incorporates different examples of marriage in nineteenth century and distinguishes the perfect marriage from the hopeless marriage. The definition of authentic love is caring for someone unconditionally. It means putting someoneRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1533 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s society, marriage is a significant bond that must be on the basis of love and understanding. 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Edward’s sister, Fanny Dashwood, opposed Lucy Steele and Edward Ferrars’ marriage because Edward came from a wealthy past, which LucyRead More Pride And Prejudice: Five Married Couples Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pagescouples. No two are alike. From the pure love which was experienced through Elizabeth and Darcy. To the love and attraction shared by Jane and Bingley. The convenience of marriage was portrayed through Charlotte and Mr Collins while Lydia and Wickham’s marriage was based on their desire, attractions and financial status. Mr and Mrs Bennet’s marriage was for their necessity. Austen reveals many messages through her characters on her major theme, being marriage. Elizabeth and Darcy share common interestsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1304 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice, Jane Austen portrays themes of love, class, reputation, and marriage. From the beginning it is seen that the question of marriage is very important to the Bennet family. Upon not marrying, the girls cousin Mr. Collins will inherit Longbourn due to the absence of a male heir. This means that the family will become destitute since they won t have any support or a place to live. The only solution for them would be marriage. During this era, since women had to pay dowry, theyRead MoreAnalysis Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1313 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst marriage per se. Before feminism, [she] didn’t think [she] had any choice† (qtd. in Hass). Steinem is a strong feminist and advocate for women’s rights; however, she used to believe that when it comes to marriage, women simply had no choice. Similarly, women in nineteenth century England had little power in the decision, as families married off their daughters as quickly as possible and to the wealthiest man who proposed. Women followed the societal norms and did not marry for love, but insteadRead MorePride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay899 Words   |  4 PagesPride and Prejudice by Jane Austen From the start of Pride and Prejudice it is clear that marriage is one of the most important aspects of the novel with the famous opening line reading It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in a want of a wife. This opening line tells us about the plot and Mrs. Bennett fills in the gaps in the rest of the first chapter with Mr. Bingley taking on the role of the single richRead MorePride And Prejudice : A Comedy Of Characters1387 Words   |  6 Pagesused to deepen characterization and make clear the intended satire. The distinct differences between characters help to bring out Austen’s subtle satire because the negative qualities of certain characters are more blatant when surrounded by opposing positive qualities in another character. By comparing a fool like Lydia to a wit like Elizabeth, one who feels love like Darcy to one who feels lust like Wickham, and the unfeeling like Mr. and Mrs. Bennet to the feeling like Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner, JaneRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1649 Words   |  7 PagesPride and prejudice, a novel written by Jane Austen is a humorous  story about  love, status, courtship and life among  wealthy english gentlemen and the five daughters of Mr and Mrs Bennet; beautiful Jane,  intelligent Elizabeth, bookish Mary, immature  Kitty and unpleasantly wild Lydia. First publis hed in 1813 by Thomas Egerton of London, The Third-person omniscient, past tense written book is set in the Georgian era, during the Napoleonic Wars ( 1797- 1815) in Longbourn, rural England. It is writtenRead MoreHow Does Austen Present Marriage Within Pride and Predjudice1017 Words   |  5 PagesHow does Austen present marriage in Pride and Prejudice? Throughout ’Pride and Prejudice’ Jane Austen conveys the theme of marriage of being of paramount importance. The first line of ‘Pride and Prejudice’ defines the main themes of Austen’s’ novel, as well as subtly giving the reader an insight of Austen’s views of marriage. Her use of hyperbole ‘That a man in possession of good fortune, must be in want of a wife’ hints at a somewhat mocking and ironic tone on Austen’s part, which indicates to

Essay about the latest speech of ninoy aquino free essay sample

My beloved countrymen, good evening. Over the past few months, a few topics have come to be the focus of public discourse. With the cacophony of discordant voices coming from many different sides, perhaps the subject of the Pork Barrel and DAP has begun to leave you confused. I am asking you for a few minutes of your time in order to bring clarity to these issues. You are all witnesses to the conflict taking place. On one hand, there is you and your government, to whom you gave the mandate for change—a government that has implemented reform for the past three years and five months, pursuing the corrupt and working to alleviate poverty. On the other side, you have the corrupt officials allegedly involved in the Pork Barrel Scam. Might I remind those who have forgotten: The real issue here is stealing. This is the topic they have constantly tried to avoid ever since their wrongdoing was exposed. I can’t help but shake my head, since the first thing I expected was for them to at least deny the accusations. After all, is that not the natural reaction of anyone who is accused of anything? And yet, in the midst of all their extended counter-accusations hurled against me, not once have I heard them say: â€Å"I did not steal. † One would have hoped that out of respect for those who believed in, and voted, for them, these officials would have fulfilled their sworn duties. At the very least one would have expected them to explain how it happened that the beneficiaries of the NGOs they chose to fund was just a list of board passers seemingly culled from newspapers. But how can we take their excuses seriously, when after repeated instances of their giving money to the same NGOs, they had not once bothered to check if the funds they allocated actually reached the intended beneficiaries? This state of affairs is indeed difficult, even impossible, to explain away. And since it is exceedingly difficult to explain, it seems they have taken the advice of an old politician from their camp: If you can’t explain it, muddle it; if you can’t deodorize it, make everyone else stink; if you can’t look good, make everyone look bad. You have heard what they are saying: that we are all the same. My response: We are not the same. I have never stolen. I am not a thief. I am the one who goes after thieves. We appointed people of unquestionable integrity who are fulfilling their sworn duties. Did we not appoint the Commission on Audit leadership that reviewed the documents leading to the discovery of PDAF abuse? And now, can we not expect a fair and just investigation, because the Ombudsman we appointed walks alongside us along the straight path? Let me make it clear: The Disbursement Allocation Program is not pork barrel. Of the DAP releases in 2011 and 2012, only nine percent was disbursed for projects suggested by legislators. The DAP is not theft. Theft is illegal. Spending through DAP is clearly allowed by the Constitution and by other laws. DAP is only a name for a process in which government can spend both savings and new and additional revenues. Where did these funds come from? They came from our efforts to stop the connivance of some in bidding for contracts, in padding costs, overpricing, and kickbacks. They came from the proper spending of our budget. They came from good governance now seen in our GOCCs; just one example of this is the MWSS, an agency once buried in debt, and which now remits dividends to the national government annually. Savings, above-target collections, and new revenues are the results of good governance. And because of DAP, these funds were allocated to projects that were within the proposed budget and that had a clear benefit to the country. How does this mechanism work? Simple. There are some agencies that, for a variety of reasons, are unable to implement their projects right away; on the other hand, there are those that are very efficient in implementing their projects. When projects are stalled, naturally, we will not spend for them. We did not allow these funds to remain dormant. We looked for programs under implementing agencies that had proven themselves to be fast and efficient, and we channeled our savings into these programs—together with the additional revenue of the government. The benefits of these projects reached our countrymen faster and earlier, and we were able to spend the money allocated yearly in our National Budget more prudently and efficiently. You can decide for yourselves: Is this wrong? When has it ever been wrong to look for a constitutional way to serve our countrymen more effectively? DAP funded Project NOAH, which gives accurate and timely warnings during calamities. Also because of DAP, under the Training-for-Work Scholarship Program of TESDA, almost 150,000 Filipinos were able to study, and no less than 90,000 of them are currently employed. DAP also benefited our Air Force and the police. Through DAP, we were able to construct infrastructure in Mindanao and other parts of the country; restore the benefits of DepEd employees by paying their GSIS premiums, which had long been unpaid by the government; and fund many other programs and projects that have a real, tangible benefit to Filipinos. DAP also played an important role in our economic resurgence. According to the World Bank, DAP contributed 1. 3 percentage points to our GDP growth in the fourth quarter of 2011. Let us compare: isn’t it true that, when they were still in power, we were called the â€Å"Sick Man of Asia†? Today, we can choose from a number of new labels: Asia’s fastest growing economy, Rising Tiger, Brightest Spark. And let’s include the investment grade status we received from the three most reputable credit ratings agencies in the world. This economic growth—and its positive effects, which have redounded to our countrymen, especially those in the margins of society—this is the product of principled spending, and not of stealing. Money once pocketed by the corrupt is now being used to help our people, particularly the poor. Let me also take this chance to explain the President’s Social Fund. There are times when we will need funds that can be disbursed quickly to meet sudden needs. For example: we needed funds to provide assistance to the families of soldiers and policemen who fell in the line of duty while responding to the threat posed by the MNLF-Misuari Faction in Zamboanga. There were also those who fell in the course of rescue and relief operations in the wake of Typhoon Sendong. The PSF funded these; without it, without calamity or contingency funds, they would have continued to suffer. Because these funds were abused in the past, people are saying that perhaps we will abuse them today—even if no one has accused us of stealing or of using them in the wrong manner. Some propose to remove them completely. Would this be just? If only it were that simple—but what would we then do in case of natural disasters? Even if we were lucky and Congress was in session, it would take at least four months of debate before Congress can approve the funding we need. If you are in Zamboanga, with a child crying from hunger, and government tells you that it cannot help you just yet, it would need to haggle with Congress first—how would you feel? We have the money, and we have the mechanisms that will ensure this money goes where it’s needed most. Would it be right to deprive our countrymen of the care they direly need? I repeat: The issue here is theft. I did not steal. Those who have been accused of stealing are those who are sowing confusion; they want to dismantle all that we have worked so hard to achieve on the straight path. We were stolen from, we were deceived—and now we are the ones being asked to explain? I have pursued truth and justice, and have been dismantling the systems that breed the abuse of power—and yet I am the one now being called the â€Å"Pork Barrel King†? This is what I say to them: If you think that this will stop me from going after you, if you think that you can divert the public’s attention, if you think you can get away with stealing from our countrymen—you have sorely underestimated me and the Filipino people. If there still remains some vestige of kindness in your hearts, I hope that you stop acting in self-interest, and instead act to help your fellowmen. When my father returned home on the twenty-first of August 1983, he had a speech prepared. Filipinos never got to hear it, because he was murdered right on the tarmac. In that speech, he quoted Archibald MacLeish: â€Å"How shall freedom be defended? By truth when it is attacked by lies. † Now that falsehood and deception are threatening the Filipino’s right to a clean and honest government, the truth stands as our most powerful weapon. Tonight, I laid out the truth of what has been happening in our nation. I hope that in the coming days, you will talk about this amongst yourselves—in your families, in the groups you belong to, between friends and colleagues, within your communities—and that you can arrive at an understanding and a resolve that aligns with the truth. My Bosses, we have fought so many battles. And I am grateful that no matter how foul the slander and the sabotage, you never let go, you never gave up. Together we proved that there are no tyrants if there are no slaves. Now, those who have abused our trust want to cast us off the course towards the fulfillment of our collective aspirations. I do not believe that you will let this pass. And so long as you are with me, I will continue to stand for our principles. I have no doubt that, whether or not I am in office, you, our Bosses whose minds and hearts are in the right place, will continue and will finish the fight. This knowledge is the source of my strength and my courage. After all, is it not true that, not too long ago, the system in place was one where the Filipino people had grown tired of dreaming, of fighting back, of doing their part? Today, there are so many of us who are collectively forging the positive and meaningful reforms that are taking place in society. I have every confidence that you will more actively choose to be on the side of what is right, what is truthful, and what is just. This is why I am thankful today, because I know that we will continue our march on the straight path. Thank you very much.

Locke And Rousseau Essays - Philosophy, Political Philosophy

Locke And Rousseau Although their ideologies sometimes clashed, and they came from two distinctly different epochs in the course of political development, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's fundamental arguments address several similar points. These five main themes which significantly overlap and thus cannot be addressed separately, are the state of nature, the basis for the development of government, the primary intent of government, the state of war, and the ultimate effect of the state on the individual and vice versa. Despite these contradictions in belief, both men proved to be greatly influential in the course of the United States' democratic development. In both Locke's and Rousseau's state of nature, the only agreement they have is that men are born free and equal, with no higher authority with the exception of divine power. Locke adamantly believed that in nature, anarchy and a strong sense of insecurity among the people was prevalent. Rousseau, on the other hand, believed that people are unable to live life to it's fullest in the chaotic state of nature, and no rights are inherent. For Locke, nature was an ideal, a utopia, of sorts, the ultimate goal, while for Rousseau, it was an unnatural and tumultuous ordeal that could neither prevail in theory or practice. If the aforementioned ultimate goal were ever achieved, though, it would not last because it would degenerate into a state of war. Locke and Rousseau's foremost point of agreement is that the people must demonstrate consent in order for a successful government to begin to evolve. Locke maintained that this permission was generally tacit, implied solely by remaining a member of the civil society, or living under a government's rules. Ultimately, the first formation of government is by the consent of all. Rousseau states that consent must be explicit to form a community at first, also presuming that since the lives of people are unable to live their lives to the fullest potential in nature, that forming a community and government is the only logical means by which to form a fulfilling and meaningful life for all. Perhaps the issue over which Rousseau and Locke most fervently disagree is the role of government. Both philosophers establish that government is the ultimate way to ensure justice, morality, liberty, and protect the rights of the citizens, but that is where the similarities in the men's tenets end. Locke took a stance similar to that of modern-day republicans and libertarians. He believed the role of government is to create a perfect equilibrium between protecting the individual's natural rights and as well as maintaining security and protecting the individual's property. Rousseau, on the other hand, adhered to a greater reverence for the establishment of society, and felt that individual rights are subservient to the rights of society as a whole. In a state of nature, he claimed, citizens' rights are nonexistent, for there is no structure to foster them, and moreover, rights are derived from society. They do not occur naturally. He also believed that society must come together to find a general will, or the closest facsimile thereof, for no group of people have or will ever be able to reach a consensus as to what is best for all. Rousseau's general will is really very idealistic, as it is not the sum of individual wills, but rather one for the overall public good. In short, he believed that one must sacrifice natural freedom for civil freedom. Rousseau also held a negative view of human nature, claiming that that historically executives have cared very little about the best interest of their people. He did not believe, though, that an executive is sovereign, but that right lies in the people. Subsequently, Rousseau maintained that every government is subject to change that will inevitably occur when the will of the people changes, or when an executive doesn't follow the general will. Rousseau's aforementioned theory is very similar to the government the United States has today. Oftentimes individual freedoms are conceded for the good of society as a whole. Although each individual in the U.S. today may not agree to agree with the decisions made by our leaders, we are bound to the rules that the sovereign, the people, have created. Locke and Rousseau extensively contradicted each other on the concept of the nature of war, also. Rousseau pragmatically claimed that a state of war can only occur between two or more nations, never among individuals. Locke dissented, asserting that the state of war is simply a revolution against an invasion on sovereignty, be it individual or governmental. Although the

Difference between Pressing and Ironing

Difference between Pressing and Ironing Difference between Pressing and Ironing Difference between Pressing and Ironing By Maeve Maddox Sridhar Nyapathi asks What is the difference between pressing clothes and ironing clothes? To me, in a domestic context, ironing clothes requires more preparation than pressing them. If Im getting ready to go out and discover that my clean clothing is slightly wrinkled, Ill heat the iron and make a quick pass to smooth the fabric. I call that pressing. If, on the other hand, Ive failed to remove my clothes from the dryer quickly enough to prevent wrinkling, Ill sprinkle and roll them and fill the steam iron in order to smooth out the deepset wrinkles. I call that ironing. (Actually, Id probably just wash them again and make sure to stop the dryer in time.) In a commercial context, the word pressing is the word used to describe the process of getting out wrinkles. Here are some quotations from the web: ‘Mum suggested brother make bed up on floor under ironing board. Brother is staying at friend’s house’ (www.theguardian.com) attention to details. (One has to master the art of not making polyester shine, or double creasing.) As I was ironing a pair of pants the other day - something I hardly ever do anymore - it reminded me of my grandmother and my (www.chicagotribune.com) Apparatus for hot-pressing clothes, linen, or other textile articles, i.e. being applied to the article; Similar machines for cold-pressing clothes, linen, Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyTime Words: Era, Epoch, and Eon10 Types of Hyphenation Errors

Understanding the Infamous Milgram Experiment

Understanding the Infamous Milgram Experiment In the 1960s, psychologist Stanley Milgram conducted a series of studies on the concepts of obedience and authority. His experiments involved instructing study participants to deliver increasingly high-voltage shocks to an actor in another room, who would scream and eventually go silent as the shocks became stronger. The shocks werent real, but study participants were made to believe that they were. Today, the Milgram experiment is widely criticized on both ethical and scientific grounds. However, Milgrams conclusions about humanitys willingness to obey authority figures remain influential and well-known. Key Takeaways: The Milgram Experiment The goal of the Milgram experiment was to test the extent of humans willingness to obey orders from an authority figure.Participants were told by an experimenter to administer increasingly powerful electric shocks to another individual. Unbeknownst to the participants, shocks were fake and the individual being shocked was an actor.The majority of participants obeyed, even when the individual being shocked screamed in pain.The experiment has been widely criticized on ethical and scientific grounds. Milgram’s Famous Experiment In the most well-known version of Stanley Milgrams experiment, the 40 male participants were told that the experiment focused on the relationship between punishment, learning, and memory. The experimenter then introduced each participant to a second individual, explaining that this second individual was participating in the study as well. Participants were told that they would be randomly assigned to roles of teacher and learner. However, the second individual was an actor hired by the research team, and the study was set up so that the true participant would always be assigned to the teacher role. During the study, the learner was located in a separate room from the teacher (the real participant), but the teacher could hear the learner through the wall. The experimenter told the teacher that the learner would memorize word pairs and instructed the teacher to ask the learner questions. If the learner responded incorrectly to a question, the teacher would be asked to administer an electric shock. The shocks started at a relatively mild level (15 volts) but increased in 15-volt increments up to 450 volts. (In actuality, the shocks were fake, but the participant was led to believe they were real.) Participants were instructed to give a higher shock to the learner with each wrong answer. When the 150-volt shock was administered, the learner would cry out in pain and ask to leave the study. He would then continue crying out with each shock until the 330-volt level, at which point he would stop responding. During this process, whenever participants expressed hesitation about continuing with the study, the experimenter would urge them to go on with increasingly firm instructions, culminating in the statement, You have no other choice, you must go on. The study ended when participants refused to obey the experimenter’s demand, or when they gave the learner the highest level of shock on the machine (450 volts). Milgram found that participants obeyed the experimenter at an unexpectedly high rate: 65% of the participants gave the learner the 450-volt shock. Critiques of the Milgram Experiment Milgram’s experiment has been widely criticized on ethical grounds. Milgram’s participants were led to believe that they acted in a way that harmed someone else, an experience that could have had long-term consequences. Moreover, an investigation by writer Gina Perry uncovered that some participants appear to not have been fully debriefed after the study- they were told months later, or not at all, that the shocks were fake and the learner wasn’t harmed. Milgram’s studies could not be perfectly recreated today, because researchers today are required to pay much more attention to the safety and well-being of human research subjects. Researchers have also questioned the scientific validity of Milgram’s results. In her examination of the study, Perry found that Milgram’s experimenter may have gone off script and told participants to obey many more times than the script specified. Additionally, some research suggests that participants may have figured out that the learner was not actually harmed: in interviews conducted after the study, some participants reported that they didn’t think the learner was in any real danger. This mindset is likely to have affected their behavior in the study. Variations on the Milgram Experiment Milgram and other researchers conducted numerous versions of the experiment over time. The participants levels of compliance with the experimenter’s demands varied greatly from one study to the next. For example, when participants were in closer proximity to the learner (e.g. in the same room), they were less likely give the learner the highest level of shock. Another version of the study brought three teachers into the experiment room at once. One was a real participant, and the other two were actors hired by the research team. During the experiment, the two non-participant teachers would quit as the level of shocks began to increase. Milgram found that these conditions made the real participant far more likely to disobey the experimenter, too: only 10% of participants gave the 450-volt shock to the learner. In yet another version of the study, two experimenters were present, and during the experiment, they would begin arguing with one another about whether it was right to continue the study. In this version, none of the participants gave the learner the 450-volt shock. Replicating the Milgram Experiment Researchers have sought to replicate Milgrams original study with additional safeguards in place to protect participants. In 2009, Jerry Burger replicated Milgram’s famous experiment at Santa Clara University with new safeguards in place: the highest shock level was 150 volts, and participants were told that the shocks were fake immediately after the experiment ended. Additionally, participants were screened by a clinical psychologist before the experiment began, and those found to be at risk of a negative reaction to the study were deemed ineligible to participate. Burger found that participants obeyed at similar levels as Milgram’s participants: 82.5% of Milgram’s participants gave the learner the 150-volt shock, and 70% of Burger’s participants did the same. Milgram’s Legacy Milgram’s interpretation of his research was that everyday people are capable of carrying out unthinkable actions in certain circumstances. His research has been used to explain atrocities such as the Holocaust and the Rwandan genocide, though these applications are by no means widely accepted or agreed upon. Importantly, not all participants obeyed the experimenter’s demands, and Milgram’s studies shed light on the factors that enable people to stand up to authority. In fact, as sociologist Matthew Hollander writes, we may be able to learn from the participants who disobeyed, as their strategies may enable us to respond more effectively to an unethical situation. The Milgram experiment suggested that human beings are susceptible to obeying authority, but it also demonstrated that obedience is not inevitable. Sources Baker, Peter C. â€Å"Electric Schlock: Did Stanley Milgrams Famous Obedience Experiments Prove Anything?† Pacific Standard (2013, Sep. 10). https://psmag.com/social-justice/electric-schlock-65377Burger, Jerry M. Replicating Milgram: Would People Still Obey Today?.  American Psychologist 64.1 (2009): 1-11. http://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2008-19206-001Gilovich, Thomas, Dacher Keltner, and Richard E. Nisbett. Social Psychology. 1st edition, W.W. Norton Company, 2006. https://books.google.com/books?isbn0393913236Hollander, Matthew. â€Å"How to Be a Hero: Insight From the Milgram Experiment.† HuffPost Contributor Network (2015, Apr. 29). https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/how-to-be-a-hero-insight-_b_6566882Jarrett, Christian. â€Å"New Analysis Suggests Most Milgram Participants Realised the ‘Obedience Experiments’ Were Not Really  Dangerous.† The British Psychological Society: Research Digest (2017, Dec. 12). https://digest.bps.org.uk/2017/12/12/int erviews-with-milgram-participants-provide-little-support-for-the-contemporary-theory-of-engaged-followership/ Perry, Gina. â€Å"The Shocking Truth of the Notorious Milgram Obedience Experiments.† Discover Magazine Blogs (2013, Oct. 2). http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2013/10/02/the-shocking-truth-of-the-notorious-milgram-obedience-experiments/Romm, Cari. â€Å"Rethinking One of Psychologys Most Infamous Experiments.† The Atlantic (2015, Jan. 28). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/01/rethinking-one-of-psychologys-most-infamous-experiments/384913/

Types of Business Model for MyGiftShopper.com Essay

Types of Business Model for MyGiftShopper.com - Essay Example   Two of the business models that were accepted by the team are Freemium Business Model and Multi-Side Matching Business Model. The reasons for accepting the Freemium business model is that it would allow the company to attract as many subscribers as possible as at the beginning of the business, it would be difficult for the firm to draw too many paid subscribers. The other business model accepted is the Multi-Side Matching Business Model and the main reason that has been presented for the acceptance of the business model is that different groups of customers would be able to satisfy their needs with different merchants and the company would be able to make money through both means i.e. from customers as well as from merchants. The team not only presented logical reasoning behind acceptance of the two models, but reasonable facts and reasons were also presented regarding why the team had rejected the other two business models. The main reason for rejecting the two models is more or less the same i.e. increase the cost of the firm which would make it difficult for the firm to either attract more customers if the charges are increased or it would be difficult for the firm to make sufficient amount of profits. In the other section of market opportunity analysis, the team did the much better job as they were able to analyze how the market influences MyGiftShopper.com from a different perspective. The influence of the customers was discussed and opportunities were analyzed about the target market of the firm in a statistical way with several facts. However, in the segmentation section of the business plan, the team should have covered the types, ages, demographics, and other characteristics of the target market and how they plan to segment their customers.  

Business Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Management - Assignment Example An organization, whether big or small, is defined as a group of people working together to achieve common goals. The top management establishes the organizational goals. These goals are then redefined to obtain measurable performance targets. Such measurable parameters help the management monitor employees and ensure that they are on the right track. The management also develops strategies that will help the organization meet these goals. The implementation of these strategies requires a formal structure of authority and responsibilities. A well designed organization structure facilitates coordination among the activities of employees and enables an organization to accomplish its goals and objectives. Even the culture of an organization is defined by the structure of an organization. The culture of an organization can divided into 4 categories, namely: 1. Hierarchy Culture 2. Market Culture 3. Clan Culture 4. Adhocracy Culture As discussed above that structure, culture, objectives an d effectiveness of an organization are all inter-linked. So an organization needs to define its culture very effectively. ... As discussed above, the organization has proper hierarchical structure wherein there are ground staff that are there at the restaurants, restaurant managers, agency manager, area manager, regional managers and so on. The proper hierarchical structure maintains a proper reporting authority within the organization. Consider the example of McDonalds which has a decentralized structure in the company. Due to the importance of the quality, speed, and cost McDonald adopted decentralization methodology in its supply network, for example McDonald in China deal with over 50 suppliers which covers 95% of the raw materials, another example show the methodology of McDonald supply network is McDonald in United Kingdom, where McDonald rely on the local market for its supply for almost 60% of the raw materials. Although McDonald rely on outsource for most of its supplies but it maintained the quality part with aim to standardize the meal in all its branch locally and globally, thus McDonald spent m illions to found hamburger university, additional to the close training to the franchisers with aim to ensure that its franchisers will provide the oriented level of quality additional to the closely monitoring and supervision. In terms of location of capacity McDonald deal with Egypt Bakery Stores to supply part of African countries additional to Saudi market, Egypt Bakery Stores has selected by MacDonald due to the strong capacity, Egypt Bakery Stores has over 180 stores regionally, in terms of MacDonald in China, MacDonald selected to start its business in China market particularly in Shenzhen the economic zone of China due to the facilitates that Shenzhen offered to the foreign firms such as cheap power, freedom to hire and fire, cheap manpower, low

A Study on the Impacts of Noise Barrier in Construction Site Communication Essay Example for Free

A Study on the Impacts of Noise Barrier in Construction Site Communication Essay Construction industry is a complex and risky of work, the people in construction industry should have a better understanding of the need to practice good communication to ensure the better work quality and performance with a good communication (Vasanthi R.Perumal and Abu Hassan Abu Bakar, 2011). Good communication enables the members of the project for archiving the centre goal where the construction project complete in time with expected budget. In construction industry, communication can be achieved through letters, drawings, symbols, signs, posters, and word for ensure the information able to send and receive by each other. With the good communication, the workers especially in construction site find it easily and greatly productive to work together. Instruction and order are given and they are carried out as expected once they are well understood and acted upon correctly. Hence the communication in construction site shall be in clear, concise, accurate and well-planned. A good communication can enable an organization in better of work quality and performance, and also in decision making. Besides, an organization can achieve a better relationship with each other without any misunderstanding and misconception. So, the organization will be successful in any project without problems arise due to the poor communication. Other than that, good communication will also bring some advantages (Paul, 2008), such as: Reduce conflict within an organization Stronger and better relationships between each other Improve the teamwork of an organization Stronger controlling and problem-solving Well coordinated work plan For instances, a good communication can benefit an organization for achieving better work quality and performance. Either in verbal or non verbal, communication should be practice well in an organization to prevent any misunderstanding or misconception occur. Problem Statement According to the BRE guidance on construction site communication (2010), UK construction industry cost at least  £20 billion to repair and reconstruct the incorrect work due to poor communication such as instructions or orders given incorrect, technical information not available and etc. Such defects occur resulted of the workers’ poor workmanship or misunderstood the instruction from site agent. One of the main factors of verbal communication is employment of foreign labour. According to Philida Schellekens Judith Smith (2004), define that most of the construction project will employ foreign labour as worker due to their low salary. Those foreign labours have their own native language, so they may not able to communicate with site agent and other Malaysian workers. Hence, it finds out that there is language barrier between site agents with foreign labours at construction site. Besides, according to Ravi Jain (2012), mentioned the construction site creates noise through the use of vehicles, construction equipment and power tools. Those noises can affect the verbal communication between the site agents with foreign labours. A negative personality such as impatient, distrust, bad temper, fear (Asma Zaineb, 2010) happen on workers may be a barrier for them to communicate with others either in verbal or non verbal communication. Since construction industries had involved so many workers that came from different country with different education level, different cultural and etc (Nurul Azita Binti Sallet et al, 2012). There will be a huge impact on communication will be occurred with different personalities. Aim and Objectives The aim of the research study is to identify the factors affecting the verbal communication between site agent and foreign labour at construction site. Whereas, the objectives will be the following, To identify the language barrier between site agent and foreign labour is a factor for verbal communication at construction site To identify the noise barrier at construction site is a factor for verbal communication at construction site To identify the personality barrier is a factor for verbal communication at construction site Hypothesis 1. Language barrier between site agent and foreign labour is a factor for verbal communication at construction site 2. Noise barrier at construction site is a factor for verbal communication at construction site 3. Personality barrier is a factor for verbal communication at construction site Scope of Study There are 4 main communication forms which are verbal communication, non-verbal communication, written communication and visual communication (Aarti R, 2011). Communication of information, messages, opinions, speech and thoughts can be made via different forms of modern communication media, like Internet, telephone and mobile. Besides, some of the basic ways of communication are by speaking, eye contact, sign language, body language, touch and singing. †¢ Verbal Communication Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language and speaking. Example: face to face communication, telephone, site meeting, etc †¢ Non Verbal Communication Non-verbal communication involves physical ways of communication, like, tone of the voice, touch, smell and body motion. Example: Short Message Service (SMS), Email, etc †¢ Written Communication Written communication form is writing the words which used for communication. Good written communication is essential for business purposes and practiced in many different languages. Example: Short Message Service (SMS), Email, etc †¢ Visual Communication Visual communication is visual display of information, like topography, photography, signs, symbols and designs. Example: Photo, Presentation Slide, etc In this research study, it focuses on verbal communication between two or more people at construction site. For the most part of the communications example, is between a site agent and foreign labour. This research study also will talk about factors that considered as barrier for good communication at construction site. Research Methodology Literature Review For literature review, journal articles and journal review were read up as much as possible to be cited in order to collect the useful data which were proved descriptively. This is a process of reading, analyzing, evaluating, summarizing and gathering information and data from book, article, journal, internet, newspaper, magazine and etc. All information relate to communication in construction site industry will be study and summarize in this research study. Questionnaire Survey A list of questions about the factors affects the verbal communication between site agent and foreign labours in construction site will be distributed to the respondents which are the parties involved in the construction site for more data and information for this research study. Questionnaire was designed in several sections and categories, the construction sites were randomly chosen and distributed in Kuala Lumpur. All the responses will be collected on individual basis and also a simple interview will conduct with respondents in respects of questionnaire earlier distributed. Definition of communication Communication is the interaction between two or above people and the interaction may in various form such as body motion, speaking, tone of the voice, touch and etc (Paul, 2008). It is the process of transmitting and receiving this information. A common objectives hardly to get done in a work place unless people able to share their ideas and information with others in a way to produce a common understanding. A successful communication in the workplace environment is very important. An employer shall create a good working situation which helps to increase the quality of work and increase the ensure quality control while the employee, it allows personal growth and development and contributes to satisfaction on the job. What is verbal communication? All humans need to interact. There are 4 main communication forms which are verbal communication, non-verbal communication, written communication and visual communication (Aarti R, 2011). The most obvious and common form of communication is verbal communication. Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language and speaking and it is one way for people to communicate face to face. According to Beth Lee (2010), verbal communication involves using speech to exchange information with others. It is generally defined as spoken language. Tone, enunciation, pauses, loudness, emphasis, word choice, these can all be used while speaking to enhance the spoken word. As a type of face-to-face communication, body language and different tones play an important role, it may cause greater impact upon the listener than informational content. For an example, a simple phrase like, You did a wonderful job may implicate different meanings and intentions. A genuine and sincere tone may suggest praise a nd commendation, but a mocking tone can be offensive and sarcastic.

Capital Punishment Essay - The Death Penalty :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Death Penalty The death penalty is a very controversial issue. Many people have different opinions about how a criminal should be disciplined. Over 80% of Americans favor the death penalty. Presently, thirty-eight states have the death penalty, but is the concept of "a life for a life" the best way to castigate a criminal? Of the thirteen states that do not have the death penalty, is crime more likely to occur there than in states that have the death penalty? (The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 19) Have there been criminals wrongfully convicted and sentenced to death row? Does the death penalty really scare criminals off and make them think twice about committing a crime? Is the death penalty fair to everyone, even the minorities and the poor? How does mental illness and retardation come into play? When a person is sentenced to death by lethal injection in New Jersey, the provisions of N.J.S. 2C: 11-3 say that the "punishment shall be imposed by continuous, intravenous administration until the person is dead of a lethal quantity of an ultrashot acting barbiturate in combination with a chemical paralytic agent in a quantity sufficient to cause death." Prior to the lethal injection, the person shall be sedated by a licensed physician, registered nurse, or other qualified personnel, by either oral tablet or capsule or an intramuscular injection of a narcotic or barbiturate such as morphine, cocaine, or demerol. In the provisions of the N.J.S. 2C: 49-3, it says that the Commissioner of the Department of Corrections determines the substances and procedure to be used in execution. The Commissioner shall also designate persons who are qualified to administer injections and who are familiar with medical procedures, other than licensed physicians. Also, persons conducting the execution must be unknown to the person being executed. Under the N.J.S. 2C: 49-7, only certain people are allowed to be present at the execution. They include: the Commissioner, execution technicians, two licensed physicians, six adult citizens, no more than two clergymen not related to the person, two representatives from major news wire services, two television representatives, two newspaper representatives, and two radio representatives. No one related either by blood or by marriage to the person being executed or to the victim is permitted to be present during the execution. (New Jersey Statutes Annotated: Title 2C Code of Criminal Justice: 2C: 37 to 2C: End) There are two very important Supreme Court cases dealing with capital punishment. In 1972, in the case of Furman vs. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that under then existing laws, "the imposition and carrying out of the death

Geof is the only genuine caring character in the play Essay

Geof is the only genuine caring character in the play; the others are totally selfish and self centred. Discuss this statement. From the beginning of the play we can see Jo is the main character, she is highly independent and self reliant this is obvious from one of the opening pages were Jo’s mum Helen states ‘children owe their parents these little attentions’ to which Jo replies with ‘I don’t owe you a thing.’ This shows Jo sees her relationship with her mother as strained, she feels she has brought herself up and not really had her mother their to support her. She has learnt to rely on herself and not trust her mother. When Jo becomes pregnant with a black boy form the navy, who leaves her pregnant Jo reacts badly because she is so independent and used to looking after herself. Geof (Jo’s gay friend) offers her a shoulder to turn to and she turns on him ‘I’m not planning big plans for this baby or dreaming big dreams. You Know what happens when you do things like that. The baby will be born dead or daft!’ She feels she has let herself down and been promiscuous, however the sailor boy was offering her marriage and love before he left, she felt in a safe relationship and that was why she slept with him. But Jo just sees that she’s made the same mistakes her mother made when she had her at a young age. Most expectant mothers don’t have this negative attitude towards their unborn child however I feel it’s because she thinks she may let the child down like her mother let her down. Jimmy the black boy from the navy who got Jo pregnant gave the impression of a kind and genuine character who did honestly love Jo until he left. In my opinion he loved her and did intend to return for her but got scared of the prejudice he would face if he did return. He said to Jo about her mother finding out about their engagement ‘She’ll see a coloured boy.’ He obviously felt his race was going to be an issue in their relationship and how it was perceived and was worried about it. Jo however did know Jimmy was in the navy and even said to him on one occasion ‘I might as well be naughty while I’ve got the chance. I’ll probably never see you again I know it.’ So I believe deep down Jo knew there was a chance she wouldn’t be seeing him again. In my opinion Helen did love her daughter she just didn’t know how to treat her, maybe it was because she had her at a young age? She seems to think she should treat her daughter like a friend, she even encourages her underage daughter to drink ‘You don’t smell it, you drink it!’ I think the only way Helen knew to make her daughter love her was the way she made men love her, by getting her drunk. Helen did want her daughter to make something of her life I feel. She encouraged her to draw, saying her drawings were very good ‘Have you ever thought of going to a proper art school and getting proper training?’ But I think the main reason she wanted Jo to make something of herself was so she could sponge of her. Helen says to Jo ‘When you start earning you can start moaning.’ In my opinion she’s saying to Jo you make some money and get us somewhere nicer. She’s not taken the task upon herself to find her and her daughter somewhere nice to live she’s going to wait for her daughter to did it for them. Not a typical loving mother and daughter relationship, Helen is reliant on her daughter Jo. Helen is in my opinion lazy with regard to her relationship with her daughter. She is constantly asking her daughter to do stuff around the house ‘Pass me that bottle’ ‘Have we got any aspirins left Jo?’ Here is another example of Helen being reliant on her daughter. She also becomes strangely jealous of Jo’s gay friend Geof. She is constantly rude to him ‘Oh shut up Geof’ ‘Sling your hook’ I believe she is jealous of his strong bond with Jo. She feels jealous of their close relationship and doesn’t like him around as she feels inadequate compared to him. Jo maintains through out the play that she wants to be rid of her mother ‘as soon as I get a full-time job, I’m leaving Helen and starting up with a room somewhere’ so for Helen to know there’s someone in her life she wants there, that person being Geof it must make her feel less important. Even for Helen who shows no real care for her Jo to know that her own daughter feels like that must be difficult. I think part of her feels she should have a close loving relationship with Jo I just don’t think she knows how to or more importantly can be bothered. Peter, Helens latest fling who becomes her husband comes across as a decent sort of guy at first, however he is sleazy ‘Helen you look utterly fantastic’ ‘Got your blue garters on?’ He does turn nasty towards the end when their marriage isn’t going so well ‘Look at Helen, isn’t she a game old bird? Worn out on the beat but she’s still got a few good strokes left.’ and ‘I dragged you out of the gutter once , If you want to go back there it’s all the same to me.’ The way he speaks down to Helen are reminiscent of his character, he believes himself to be above everyone else, better looking, better dressed, better educated, a real snob. Geof takes a mothering role in Jo’s life, which I don’t think she always appreciates. ‘I’ll buy you one for Christmas. If you ask nice I’ll buy you two.’ ‘I’ll stay here and clear this place up a bit and make you a proper meal.’ I think Jo actually likes having a figure to look after her but I think she finds it difficult sometimes as she’s not used to it, she’s used to fending for herself. ‘Why don’t you leave me alone?’ I think that all this shows that despite Jo’s though exterior she does want looking after and companionship, especially from her mother even though she denies it, as that is what Geof is doing for her, being a substitute mother. Geof , a single gay man was evicted from his flat by his landlady because she caught him with another man. In those days being a sexually active gay man was frowned upon so he was probably quite ashamed about the reason for his eviction and that is why he tries to hide it from Jo. When she asks ‘has your landlady thrown you out?’ Geof replies ‘Don’t be silly,’ but later tells her the truth. Geof also agrees to move in with Jo, taking on the responsibilities of looking after a Jo and her baby. Also when Jo tells him her baby will be black he is extremely accepting and doesn’t seem to care. In my opinion this is due to the prejudice he has faced about being gay. Another time his kind and compassionate character is seen is when he tries to get Jo and Helen talking again despite Jo telling him exactly what her mother is like he still persists and tries to build bridges in their relationship with them and get Helen to help out with the baby. ‘Your mother should know, do you have her address?’ When he meets Helen though he is struck by how rude and uncaring she is and sticks up for Jo telling Helen. ‘If I’d known you were going to bully her like this I’d have never asked you to come!’ Here he shows true loyalty for Jo by sticking up for her. In my opinion Geof is a very lonely young man he didn’t seem to have any other friends besides Jo in the play, other than young man he was found in his flat with but in his own words ‘he didn’t really know the guy’ . We can’t really be sure of his past because the play doesn’t mention it but I feel he’s faced a lot of prejudice about his sexuality and perhaps that is why he so understands Jo. He doesn’t seem to have any family, and I think he was trying to make Jo and the baby into a surrogate family for himself. I feel he was the nicest character in the book but he did become quite irritating as he was too nice all of the time. All the other characters had floors and attributes that made them lovable or unlovable. Geof however, was just quite bland. Helen for instance was an interesting character because she was so unpredictable, she could have a new boyfriend at any moment, or get drunk and do something ridiculous. Goef on the other hand was predictable but provided the rock of the story. He was Mr. Reliable that Jo could turn to he wasn’t an interesting character like Helen but was a vital part of the play.

Nations and Nationalities in Europe

Rule by the people and for the people. This is a common phrase used by many today to describe the  variety of democratic political institutions found all over the globe today. While nearly all  democracies outside of Europe model the beginnings of their form of government to the United  States and more specifically   to the U.S. Constitution, for democracies within Europe, the beginnings  are traced even farther back in time   to embrace two different traditions. One of these traditions  being the English Constitution primarily involving the Magna Carta, and the other tradition  revolving around the French Revolution. In comparing these two as to which has ultimately proved stronger as the base for popular rule and  why, one can discern that the French revolutionary tradition has accomplished this for two reasons.  The first reason being due to the fact of it being more recent in historical context. Such an important  event having occurred less than 300 years ago has more relevance in the minds of many political  thinkers in our modern era than a similar event which occurred nearly 800 years ago. Mankind tends  to believe that his ideas improve over time and thus the later the idea, the better the idea it is. The second reason for the French tradition being the base for most forms of popular rule today is due  to it truly identifying and involving the three classes of the populace the aristocracy, middle-class,  and poor, back then as it does today, in the political and economic process of society. While both  traditions sought to limit the power of the monarch from being absolute over its subjects, it was the  French revolution which gave a strong voice to those neither rich nor poor. The English tradition on  the other hand, primarily involved the nobility and the monarch, much like a dispute being settled  today between the millionaires on one side and the billionaires on the other. Today, like in the late  18th century during the time of the French revolution, in most advanced and developing democratic  societies, the vast majority of the citizenry fall in the middle. Thus, it is their political interests and   perspectives which influence political discussion and change, just as it did  nearly 300 years ago.

University of Southern Indiana SAT Scores, Aid and More

University of Southern Indiana SAT Scores, Aid and More University of Southern Indiana Description: The University of Southern Indiana first opened its doors in 1965 as a regional campus of Indiana State University. Today the 330-acre campus in Evansville is an independent state university. The university is made up of five colleges: business, education and human services, liberal arts, nursing and health professions, and science and engineering. Some of the most popular choices are business, advertising, and education degrees, and professional programs related to business and health are particularly popular among undergraduates. Students can join a number of on-campus groups and activities, including: academic clubs (Art Club, German Club, Philosophy Club); religious groups (Campus Outreach, Fellowship of Christian Athletes, Young Life); and recreational clubs (Archery, Jane Austen Society, Table Top Club). On the athletic front, the USI Screaming Eagles compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Valley Conference. Popular sports include Track and Field, Cross Country, Baseball, and Soccer. Will You Get In? Calculate Your Chances of Getting In  with this free tool from Cappex Admissions Data (2016): University of Southern Indiana Acceptance Rate: 92%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 450 / 540SAT Math: 440 / 540SAT Writing: 420 / 525What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: 19 / 25ACT English: 18 / 25ACT Math: 18 / 25ACT Writing: - / -What these ACT numbers mean Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 10,668  (9,585 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 38% Male / 62% Female71% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $7,605  (in-state); $17,847 (out-of-state)Books: $1,140 (why so much?)Room and Board: $8,896Other Expenses: $2,302Total Cost: $19,943  (in-state); $30,185 (out-of-state) University of Southern Indiana Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 89%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 70%Loans: 58%Average Amount of AidGrants: $6,590Loans: $7,213 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Advertising, Art, Business Administration, Elementary Education, Health Services, Marketing, Nursing, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 70%Transfer-out Rate: 38%4-Year Graduation Rate: 19%6-Year Graduation Rate: 38% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports:  Baseball, Golf, Soccer, Basketball, Tennis, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Volleyball, Basketball, Golf, Cross Country, Track and Field Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like the University of Southern Indiana, You May Also Like These Schools: Indiana State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBall State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphPurdue University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphIndiana University - Bloomington: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphButler University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphFranklin College: Profile  Bellarmine University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Kentucky: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of Louisville: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphValparaiso University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAnderson University: Profile   University of Southern Indiana Mission Statement: mission statement from usi.edu/about/mission-vision USI is an engaged learning community advancing education and knowledge, enhancing civic and cultural awareness, and fostering partnerships through comprehensive outreach programs. We prepare individuals to live wisely in a diverse and global community.

How to Find Cheap or Free Textbooks Online

How to Find Cheap or Free Textbooks Online Textbooks can cost a small fortune. It seems that every year the required texts get heavier and the prices get higher. According to a study from the Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance, students can easily pay between $700 and $1000 for books during a single year. An undergraduate student may end up paying up to $4,000 on books before he or she receives a degree. Unfortunately, distance learners don’t always escape this fate. While some online schools offer a virtual curriculum, free of charge, the majority of online colleges still require their students to purchase traditional textbooks with hefty price tags. Books for one or two classes could total in the hundreds. However, showing a little shopping savvy could save you a significant amount of cash. Better Than Cheap The only thing that’s better than cheap is free. Before you even check the bookstore, take a look to see if you can find the material elsewhere. There are dozens of virtual libraries that offer reference material and literature with no cost to the reader. While newer texts are unlikely to be online, hundreds of older pieces with expired copyrights are all over the internet. The Internet Public Library, for example, offers links to hundreds of full-text books, magazines, and newspapers. Bartleby, a similar site, offers thousands of ebooks and reference materials free of charge. Readers can even download the books for free and view them on their desktop or handheld device. Project Gutenberg provides 16,000 e-books free for download, including classics such as Pride and Prejudice and The Odyssey. Google Scholar is offering an ever-increasing database of free academic articles and ebooks. If your curriculum consists of an over-priced packet of photocopied articles, check to see i f the material is available here before forking over the cash. Another alternative is trying to find a student in your area who purchased the book during a previous semester. If your online school has message boards or other means of communicating with your peers, you may ask students who have taken the course before if they would be willing to sell the book at a discounted price. If you are near a physical college campus that offers courses similar to your online classes, scouring the campus for flyers advertising student-sold books may be your ticket to saving a few dollars. Before you begin a random search, find out what buildings house the departments that are likely to require your books. Students often post advertisements on the walls of their old classrooms.Some students are able to find their required materials in the library. While your regular public library is unlikely to carry most traditional textbooks, a local college may have the books available for limited use. Since you are not a student there, the librarians probably wonâ€℠¢t let you take the books with you. But, if the books are shelved, you may be able to use them for a couple hours each day in order to get your studying done. Shop Around If you aren’t able to get your books for free, make sure you get a good price. You should be able to find almost any text for less than its suggested retail price. Websites like eBay and Half host online auctions of a variety of items, including textbooks. Sites like Alibris connect to hundreds of independent booksellers around the world, finding you some of the best prices on used and new textbooks. Want to save on shipping? Run a search to see if there’s a local bookstore that will allow you to pick up the book you’re looking for. They often offer pleasant markdowns on a variety of texts.If you want to save money, don’t wait until the last minute to buy your books. When ordering from an online source, it may take time for you to find the best deal and for your order to be processed and shipped. If you’re disciplined enough to look ahead a month or two, you may be able to save a lot by bidding during an off-time, when hordes of students arenâ€℠¢t looking for the same book. Finding your books for cheap or free will take time and energy. But, to hundreds of students, getting a good deal is worth the extra effort. Suggested Bookseller Links:www.allbookstores.comwww.gutenberg.orgscholar.google.comwww.ipl.orgwww.bartleby.com Jamie Littlefield is a writer and instructional designer. She can be reached on Twitter or through her educational coaching website: jamielittlefield.com.

Mucicarmine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mucicarmine - Research Paper Example The end red color observed results from the combination of carminic acid and positively charged aluminium ions. The complex is the vital component of the dye that makes it feasible for use in tumor identification and subsequent cancer diagnosis in biochemical laboratories (Gupta et al., 2012). The cations in the complex are responsible for the final positive charge that characterizes the complex. Positive charge of the dye, a result of the complex formed between the carmic acid and ions of aluminium is the property that allows for its effective utilization in cancer diagnosis. Therefore, this explains the selectivity of the dye towards the negatively charged gastrointestinal mucins during staining (Myers, 2009). The most important component of the mucicarmine, carmic acid originates from cochineal group of insects. Specifically, scientists perform extraction of carmic acid from the female members of the genus Coccus cacti. Solvent extraction, which entails a series of stages, remains performed on the dried body parts of the female insects. The pigments contained in the bodies of the insects are varied but carmic acid remains the point of interest throughout the process. Dried insects are ground in a mortar; a specific amount of the powder is mixed in a methanol-water medium. The mixture is blended to form a homogenous solution. Solvent extraction in vessel containing selector water at about 80 0C follows blending. Mayer’s is a special stain that incorporates mucicarmine in its mode of action. The stain is usually alkaline due to the excess positive charges that result from the aluminium cations contained in the carmic acid and aluminium complex. The stain is more effective on the mucins, which are acidic due to excesses of negative charges. Mayer’s stain is very effective as positive charges attract negative charges causing excellent visualization of the target

Reading response papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Reading response papers - Essay Example ted, may produce some pretty attitudes; but they shew a degree of imbecility which degrades a rational creature in a way women are not aware of-for love and esteem are very distinct things. In Chapter 4, Mary Wollstonecraft discusses the causes of women’s degradation. In her view, the chief obstacle to a woman’s attainment of knowledge is the role thrust upon her by society: the role of a weak, childish, pleasure-seeking creature, who is ruled by the senses. Wollstonecraft is particularly sarcastic when she describes â€Å"the false system of female manners† (53) which women are conditioned to take on. This system centers round the supposed fragility of women. Women accept this imputed fragility and agree to live as captives in gilded cages, expecting homage for their beauty, and emphasizing their weakness in order to arouse the protective senses of men. The foolish obsession with outward finery, and highly-strung nerves, poses a danger to the development of the intellect. The author indicates that the root of woman’s degradation is the acceptance of attention from men for frivolous things: â€Å"to lift a handkerchief, or shut a door† (57).   Throughout her essay, Wollstonecraft continues to ridicule this attitude of fragility which women assume, and men subscribe to. She mocks the assumed weakness which makes a virtue of the fear of â€Å"the frown of an old cow, or the jump of a mouse.† Her tongue-in-cheek assertion, â€Å" a rat, would be a serious danger,† encapsulates all her impatience with the entire system of female manners, which she firmly believes can be abolished with proper education and adequate physical exercise. She even characterizes such feminine foibles as â€Å"imbecility.† Wollstonecraft emphatically argues that strength of body and mind are the only things which will save women from degradation. This is obviously enlightened thinking for the eighteenth

Direct marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Direct marketing - Essay Example Technology like the internet with its email facilities, websites and mobiles enable marketers to advertise directly to customers and potential buyers (Johnson 2005). Firms find it easier to market in such a manner because this sort of marketing helps them to target only those customers who would be interested in their products. Only those customers approach the outlets that have some sort of a keen interest in the products and this helps avoid window shoppers who waste time and therefore add to costs (Hyde 2008). This also helps in directly marketing efforts in a specific direction to specified people instead of mass marketing and going haywire with advertisements splashed all over the media like the TV, radio, billboards across cities and countries requiring exorbitant budgets(Kotler 2003). Direct marketing can be carried out in several ways which include directly mailing the customer, emailing , telemarketing etc. the benefits of direct marketing are several besides those mentioned above. The data of the customers of your product can be collected and it can even be purchased. This data is traceable, track able and can really help in further researching and improving the product and marketing methods. The preferences of the customers can be known and can be helpful especially when new products are to be launched (Thornton 1995). According to Kotler (2003) the downside is that since this data can be purchased, just anyone can purchase it and thus the consumers may get mails that they don’t want and may be irritated by telemarketing phone calls. The emails that the consumers get may not even reach the consumers who may disregard such mails as junk or block them out completely. The firms marketing in such a way may not know if the prospective consumers are reading the mails or discarding them but then again it’s a risk that every form of advertising incurs (Kotler 2003). Research shows that shifting to direct

The four levels of measurements

The four levels of measurements The four levels of measurements 1. Explain briefly how you would use number properties to describe the four levels of measurements. Answer: Measurements can be classified into four different types of scales. These are: Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio Nominal scale: Nominal measurement consists of assigning items to groups or categories. No quantitative information is conveyed and no ordering of the items is implied. Religious preference, race, and sex are all examples of nominal scales. Frequency distributions are usually used to analyze data measured on a nominal scale. Categorical data and numbers that are simply used as identifiers or names represent a nominal scale of measurement. Numbers on the back of a baseball jersey and social security number are examples of nominal data. At the nominal scale, i.e., for a nominal category, one uses labels; for example, rocks can be generally categorized as igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. For this scale some valid operations are equivalence and set membership. Nominal measures offer names or labels for certain characteristics. The central tendency of a nominal attribute is given by its mode; neither the mean nor the median can be defined. Ordinal scale: An ordinal scale is a measurement scale that assigns values to objects based on their ranking with respect to one another. For example, a doctor might use a scale of 0-10 to indicate degree of improvement in some condition, from 0 (no improvement) to 10 (disappearance of the condition). An ordinal scale of measurement represents an ordered series of relationships or rank order. Individuals competing in a contest may be fortunate to achieve first, second, or third place. First, second, and third place represent ordinal data. In this scale type, the numbers assigned to objects or events represent the rank order (1st, 2nd, 3rd etc.) of the entities assessed. An example of ordinal measurement is the results of a horse race, which say only which horses arrived first, second, third, etc. but include no information about times.: The central tendency of an ordinal attribute can be represented by its mode or its median, but the mean cannot be defined. Interval scale: Quantitative attributes are all measurable on interval scales, as any difference between the levels of an attribute can be multiplied by any real number to exceed or equal another difference. A highly familiar example of interval scale measurement is temperature with the Celsius scale. In this particular scale, the unit of measurement is 1/100 of the difference between the melting temperature and the boiling temperature of water at atmospheric pressure. The zero point on an interval scale is arbitrary; and negative values can be used. The formal mathematical term is an affine space (in this case an affine line). Variables measured at the interval level are called interval variables or sometimes scaled variables as they have units of measurement. Ratios between numbers on the scale are not meaningful, so operations such as multiplication and division cannot be carried out directly. But ratios of differences can be expressed; for example, one difference can be twice another. The central tendency of a variable measured at the interval level can be represented by its mode, its median, or its arithmetic mean. Statistical dispersion can be measured in most of the usual ways, which just involved differences or averaging, such as range, inter quartile range, and standard deviation. Since one cannot divide, one cannot define measures that require a ratio, such as studentized range or coefficient of variation. More subtly, while one can define moments about the origin, only central moments are useful, since the choice of origin is arbitrary and not meaningful. One can define standardized moments, since ratios of differences are meaningful, but one cannot define coefficient of variation, since the mean is a moment about the origin, unlike the standard deviation, which is (the square root of) a central moment Ratio scale: The ratio scale of measurement is the most informative scale. It is an interval scale with the additional property that its zero position indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. You can think of a ratio scale as the three earlier scales rolled up in one. The ratio scale of measurement is similar to the interval scale in that it also represents quantity and has equality of units. However, this scale also has an absolute zero (no numbers exist below the zero). A ratio scale is a measurement scale in which a certain distance along the scale means the same thing no matter where on the scale you are, and where 0 on the scale represents the absence of the thing being measured. Most measurement in the physical sciences and engineering is done on ratio scales. Mass, length, time, plane angle, energy and electric charge are examples of physical measures that are ratio scales. The scale type takes its name from the fact that measurement is the estimation of the ratio between a magnitude of a continuous quantity and a unit magnitude of the same kind. Informally, the distinguishing feature of a ratio scale is the possession of a non-arbitrary zero value. For example, the Kelvin temperature scale has a non-arbitrary zero point of absolute zero, which is denoted 0K and is equal to -273.15 degrees Celsius. This zero point is non arbitrary as the particles that compose matter at this temperature have zero kinetic energy. All statistical measures can be used for a variable measured at the ratio level, as all necessary mathematical operations are defined. The central tendency of a variable measured at the ratio level can be represented by, in addition to its mode, its median, or its arithmetic mean, also its geometric mean or harmonic mean. In addition to the measures of statistical dispersion defined for interval variables, such as range and standard deviation, for ratio variables one can also define measures that require a ratio, such as studentized range or coefficient of variation. 2. Define the terms direct measurement and indirect measurement. Describe briefly how you would make profit of indirect measurement in psychological traits. Answer: There are 2 types of measurement techniques are developed in order to measure quality or characteristics of attributes. First one is quantitative and second is qualitative. Quantitative can be measured directly and qualitative can not be measured directly. The height and weight of a person can be measured directly with scales in feet/meter, kilogram. But qualitative variable cannot be measured with scales such as feet, meter, kilogram etc. For example, Kindness, love and intelligence of a person can not be measured directly. Indirect measurement can be used for these cases. To measure this type of cases different indirect measures like answer to questions, IQ tests can be used. Indirect measurements are mostly used in social science. Richness, happiness, good life, poverty etc can be measured with the support of different indirect indicators. In order to measure psychological traits we use behaviors as a basis for measurement. Qualities of an individual can be measured indirectly through psychological testing by developing indicators. In standard psychological test we develop the set of standard as questionnaire or guidance fro scoring the attributes or traits. We largely use objective types of question and interpret according to the guidance of answering. Human behavior can not measure as physical measurement like height, weight. The qualitative aspects like perception, emotion, retention etc can be measured through indirect measurement, which is based on some pre-defined set of standards. 3. What will happen if you use ordinary measurement as though they were interval or ratio measurement? Ordinary data is non parametric data and interval and ratio are parametric data. Therefore we dont use ordinary measurement if the data are in interval or ratio measurement. They differ from each other. To ensure measurement more reliable, selection of appropriate statistical tools according to the nature of data is important. If we use interval/ratio measurement when the data are ordinal scales it may leads false decision. 4. Which method census or sampling do you prefer the most for describing the reality of Nepali classroom teaching learning? Explain in brief. Answer: Sampling method is more applicable than the census method for describing the reality of Nepali classroom teaching learning. To study about promotion, failure and drop out rate, census method can be used. However for the reality presentation, census method can not be convenient. Through the census method each and every unit of the population can be taken into consideration. But it will be highly time and money consuming. Sampling method will make all process faster with less cost. While taking the sample size there is more important of inclusion and representation in the sampling i.e. ethnic group, caste, religion, , geographic zone, and gender, etc. Through educational perspective different grades, private and public school/college suppose to be included. The sample size should more representatives. 5. in a group of 50 children, the 8 children who took longer than 3 hours to complete a performance test in sent-up test were marked as DNC (did not complete). In computing a measure of central tendency for this distribution of scores, what measure we should use and why? Median can be used in computing a measure of central tendency for the distribution of score as mentioned in the question. Median is not affected by extreme values. Arithmetic mean is affected by extreme values. As Median is the positional average, we can get the correct value of central tendency. 6. Give some examples where you need geometric and harmonic mean. Give geometrical interpretation of A.M., G.M. and H.M. Answer: Geometric Mean (G.M): Geometric Mean (G.M) is widely used in averaging ratios and percentages and is computing average rates of increase or decrease. It is also advantageously used in the construction of index numbers. G.M. gives equal weights to equal ratios of change. It is also used to compute the average rate of growth or reduction of population or average increase or decrease of production, profit, sales etc. When we require to give more weight to smaller items and smaller weight to larger (e.g. Social and economic problems) G.M can be used. Harmonic Mean (H.M.): Harmonic Mean (H.M.) is used in computing the averages relating to the rates and ratios such as velocity speed etc., where time factor is the variable. It also can be used for making Human Development Indicator (HDI). Geometrical interpretation of A.M., G.M., and H.M. Let AD = a, DB = b Then represents the radius of the semi circle. Hence radius OP = , which gives the value of A.M. Similarly radius OQ = , Now OD = b = Now DQ2 = OQ2 OD2 = { }2 { }2 = ab Hence, DQ = , which represents G.M. Now, in the right angled triangle ODM, DM2 = OD2 OM2 And in right angled triangle DMQ, DM2 = DQ2 MQ2 Hence, OD2 OM2 = DQ2 MQ2 Here, OQ = . Let OM = x, then MQ = x {}2 x2 = ab { x}2 For solving, x = Hence, MQ = = , which represents H.M. From above it is clear that OP = A.M., DQ = G.M. MQ = H.M. From the figure, it is clear that OP > DQ > MQ. Hence, we can say that A.M. > G.M. > H.M.H 7. Give geometrical meaning of the formula used for Median and Mode for grouped data. Answer.: Geometrical meaning of the formula used for Median: Let consider the following continuous frequency distribution, (x1 < x2 < xn+1). Class interval: x1 x2 , x2 x3, . xk xk+1, . xn xn+1 Frequency: f1 f2 fk fn The cumulative frequency distribution is given by: Class interval: x1 x2 , x2 x3, . xk xk+1, . xn xn+1 frequency : F1 F2 Fk Fn Where, Fi = f1 + f2 + ..+ fi-1. The class xk xk+1 is the median class if and only if Fk-1 < N/2 < Fk. Now, if we assume that the variate values are uniformly distributed over the median class which implies that the ogive is a straight line in the median class, then we get from the fig.1, tan = i.e. or or, = Where is the frequency and h the magnitude of the median class. Hence, BS = Hence, Median = OT = OP + PT = OP + BS = l + This is the required formula. Geometrical meaning of the formula used for Median: Let us consider the continuous frequency distribution: Class interval : x1 x2 , x2 x3, . xk xk+1, . xn xn+1 frequency : f1 f2 fk fn If fk is the maximum of all the frequencies, then the modal class is (xk xk-1). Let us further consider a portion of the histogram, namely, the rectangle erected on the modal class and the two adjacent classes. The modal is the value of x for which the frequency curve has a maxima. Let the modal point be Q (fig. 2) From the figure, we have tanß = and tana = or, or, , where h is the magnitude of the model class. Thus solving for LM, we get LM = Hence, Mode = OQ = OP + PQ = OP + LM = l + 8. Squaring deviations and then taking squares seems to be useless. Why do we use square? Answer: Squaring deviation and then taking squares seems to be useless however actually it has certain meaning like the squaring of the deviations (x-x) removes the drawbacks of ignoring signs of the deviations in computation of mean deviation. Taking the sign into consideration we obtain positive values always when squared. But squaring gives aunit that isthe square of theunit the quantity is measured in. This step provides it suitable for further mathematical treatment. 9. Study the following summary statistics of the scores of two graders VI and VII. Now give your answer to the following questions and give figures to support your answers. a. Which class had the larger number of pupils? Answer: Grade VI had larger number of pupils. b. Which class on the average had the higher scores? Answer: Grade VII on the average had the higher scores. c. In which class were the scores more scattered? (Given four different statistics to show the difference in scatter.) Answer: For Grade VI, the scores are more scattered. The four different measures to show the difference in scatter ness are as follows: Interquartile range Coefficient of S.D. Coefficient of M.D. from mean Coefficient of variation 9. Are the distributions of scores about the mean symmetrical? What is your evidence? If not, which class has high scores not balanced by similar low scores? The distribution of scores about the mean in both classes are not symmetrical as we can find Mean = Median = Mode is not satisfied for both the grades. In grade VI, since Mean < Median Median > Mode, it is positively skewed. That is there is greater variation towards the higher values of the variables. 10. Take one distributed data grouped into different frequencies and calculate different measure of central tendencies (Arithmetic mean, Median, and mode) and measures of dispersion (Q.D., MD, and SD). Give your judgments about your data concerning to symmetry. Answer: Suppose, the weights of 50 students of a class are classified below. For Mean; Mean = A + = 65- = 64.87 Hence, Mean =64.87 For Median; Hence, Median lies in the class 60-70 Median = = 60+=66.2 Hence, Median=66.2 For Mode; Since maximum frequency occurs at two classes, so the given distribution is a bimodal distribution. So, Mode =3 median-2 mean =3*66.87-2*64.87 =198.6-129.74=68.86 Hence, Mode=68.86 For Quartile Deviation; Position of Q1= Hence First Quartile (Q1) lies in the interval 50-60 Now, Q1 = 50+ Hence, First Quartile (Q1)= 57.28 Position of Q3= Hence Third Quartile (Q3) lies in the interval 70-80 Again, Q3 = =70+ =73.62 Now, QD= ==8.17 Hence, Quartile Deviation (QD) = 8.17 For Mean Deviations; Mean deviation from mean Calculation of Standard Deviations Now, N = 75, ÃŽ £fd = -1 ÃŽ £fd2 = 89 = = =1.08*10 =10.81 To identify Symmetry Here, Mean = 64.87 Median = 66.2 Mode = 68.86 Hence, the curve is not symmetrical. Calculation of Skewness Sk = is negative skewed.

Acquiring Target Corporation Essay -- Business

ACQUIRING TARGET CORPORATION INTRODUCTION The current economic recession has taken a toll on corporations. Those who survive stay within their financial means, are innovative in retaining and attracting customers, and use technology to distinguish themselves from their competitors. Target Corporation is a company that possesses all of these characteristics. While some companies have cut payroll or ceased to exist, Target Corporation has survived in the economic recession and is positioned to gain further market share as economic conditions continue to improve. The purpose of this report is to analyze Target Corporation’s financial statements, determine the future growth potential of the company, and make a recommendation for or against the acquisition of the company. POTENTIAL FOR GROWTH Although many competing companies are projecting insignificant profit growth over the next few years, Target Corporation is projecting profit growth in the near future. Target expects 2012 annual sales to increase by four to five percent (Target Corporation, 2011). When combined with their continued emphasis on technology, customer rewards, and customer relations, the future of Target Corporation looks bright. Making Use of Technology Target Corporation recognizes the importance of technology in reaching its customers. In 2011 the company launched a completely redesigned website that focuses on ease of use. Target also has an industry leading mobile application that allows the company to reach its customers regardless of where they are located. In fact, Mobile Commerce Daily named Target the â€Å"2010 Mobile Retailer of the Year† (Target Corporation, 2011). It is in this sector that Target’s potential for growth is the highe... ...ved March 11, 2012, from http://sites.target.com/site/en/company/page.jsp?contentId=WCMP04-031794 Microsoft Network. (2012, March 8). Target Corp. Retrieved from MSN.Money: http://investing.money.msn.com/investments/ Moore, P. (n.d.) Target to add PFresh grocery concept at 350 stores. Business News – The Business Journals. Retrieved March 13, 2012, from http://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/stories/2009/11/16/daily32.html Target Acquisition. (2011, January 13). Target Pressroom. Retrieved March 13, 2012, from http://pressroom.target.com/pr/news/target-corporation-to-acquire-real-estate.aspx Target Corporation. (2011, March 11). Target 2010 Annual Report. Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://investors.target.com Target Corporation. (2012, February 23). Target Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal 2011 Earnings. Retrieved March 5, 2012, from http://investors.target.com

Propaganda Theory Essay

All over the world, the wheel of propaganda keeps churning. Governments have launched propaganda blitzes to mold public opinion and further their political objectives. In certain instances, they have failed. In other cases, like global wars, they have caused mass deception and destruction. People employ numerous propaganda techniques for a variety of reasons. It may be to cushion the impact of a crisis, soften antagonistic sentiments of people governed, reinforce friendly relations between countries, or foil attempts to usurp power. Propaganda in recent years has been used in a derogatory sense, characterized by doublespeak, coupled with endorsements from individuals capable of influencing others, to win public support for an idea or doctrine. When employed by nations as an act of aggression, it can unleash a never-ending series of counterpropaganda measures, and become counterproductive. Learning about propaganda — how it works, and actual examples across cultures — provides many interrelated insights. Propaganda Theory I. The Meaning and Types of Propaganda Propaganda is defined in many ways. It is â€Å"a systematic effort to persuade a body of people to support or adopt a particular opinion, attitude or course of action† (Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary, 1963). Propaganda is something resorted to since ancient times, and has assumed many connotations through the years. It is commonly understood as the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Propaganda is a term culled from the Latin word propagare which â€Å"means to propagate or to show† (Jowett and O’Donnell, 2006, p. 2). French philosopher and sociologist Jacques Ellul, who conducted a thorough study on propaganda, propounded that it is a â€Å"sociological phenomena, not as something made or produced by people of intentions† (Jowett and O’Donnell, 2006, p. 4). Ellul did not discount the fact, though, that while it may have negative impact, particularly in discouraging critical thought, people have a need for it. Propaganda is characterized by certain characteristics. It has to be total, seamless, with a target audience that is â€Å"self-acting and capable of screening out contrary messages for themselves (or) partial to the thrust of the message and willing to listen to it, and†¦ works best when it prepares symbols that the public will understand, and then manipulates those symbols to achieve a desired effect† (Thompson, 2004, pp. 6-8). Propaganda, as widely used today, connotes â€Å"a coordinated strategy to minimize negative information and present in a favorable light a story that can be damaging to self-interests† (Jowett and O’Donnell, 2006, p. 3). This is blatantly shown by many news organizations and governments today. In most cases, â€Å"propaganda themes are produced not because the relationship between the state and the media is antagonistic and incompatible but because they serve a common purpose† (Wilcox, 2005, p. 4). To achieve the propagandist’s intent, there are several types and techniques employed. In the corporate world, one type of propaganda is a simple testimonial. Testimonials may utilize celebrities and other people of prominence or credibility, or symbols like a flag or a respectable institution, in advertisements prodding and enticing people to purchase goods and services. Most advertisements that instill brand recall by being constantly aired on all forms of media are also a form of propaganda. Usually, the propagandist conceals his main agenda in a deliberate attempt to win public favor. Propaganda may be classified then as white, or â€Å"from a correctly identified source and is not intentionally deceptive† (Brahm, 2006, parag. 4) or black, which is the exact opposite. As for the techniques, propagandists employ age-old techniques to influence or win over people to their side, like name-calling, whereby the object is to make a person see an object, person or idea in a negative light without carefully assessing evidences; use of glittering generalities that uses abstract terms, especially ideals like freedom, justice, and truth to appeal to the listener’s emotions or valued principles; card stacking, which highlights only one view to an argument while downplaying or totally repressing the dissenting or contradictory opinions in order to manipulate the sentiments or change the mindset of the audience; transfer technique, in which case the propagandist uses an object or symbolism that is generally revered or respected to win over people; testimonials, which uses prominent, authoritative or famous people to appeal to listeners’ emotions or in some instances, both the emotions and logic; and bandwagon, which presupposes that since majority of people are doing or supporting something, then that general trend must have merits worth considering. The propagandist, in this case, expects the audience to conform to the general will and reap the benefits offered (â€Å"The Art of Propaganda,† n. d. ). II. Propaganda Through the Years Propaganda’s various meanings and connotations have evolved through the years. In the modern world, the most common conduit or mouthpiece of propaganda is the news media, whether print, television, radio or online. Many governments have used media as disseminator of propaganda, especially during crisis moments or to win major support for conflict intervention. Milestones that have been part and parcel of the history of propaganda go way back to 1622, when the Vatican, under Pope Gregory XV, â€Å"established the Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, meaning the sacred congregation, for propagating the faith of the Roman Catholic Church† (Jowett and O’Donnell, 2006, p. 2). Succeeding events led to the loss of impartiality in the term propaganda. In the present information age, some people who are well-read and aware of issues and news developments are able to discern whenever their government has set into motion a major information campaign to gain public support for an electoral campaign or even a war effort. There are also insidious ways individuals or governments use propaganda, like in the case of terrorist groups enlisting people to support their cause, or military leaders trying to outmart the enemy by overstating the size of one’s fleet or amplifying the sophisticated weaponry at their disposal. Propaganda has been used countless times for political warfare. History is replete with cases of governments swaying the populace to gain support for their cause or political ends. An example of 20th century propaganda are the anti-German propaganda materials widely disseminated by British agencies. Former US President George Bush’s propaganda machine emphasized an anti-terrorism stance. Ironically, he had denounced numerous propaganda tactics directed at the US which he thought to have vilified the country’s image in the global community. The US government employed similar propaganda techniques during the Gulf War and Kosovo Conflict in the 1990s. Many political rulers, like Joseph Stalin, used propaganda in a damaging sense. Another clear-cut illustration of 20th century propaganda is Adolf Hitler’s reign of terror. Everyone knows how the charismatic dictator won over people to his side not only with his eloquent speeches but with his military tactics and well-oiled propaganda machinery. Naxi propaganda bordered on censorship. Books and films that ran counter to the beliefs of the rulers were burned. In their stead, radio communications called â€Å"People’s Receiver† were offered at a cheap price. There were also organized rallies that succeeded in gaining the public’s loyalties. â€Å"In Nazi publications and German newspapers, newsreels, posters, ‘educational’ materials, etc), much use was made of cartoons from Julius Streicher–the Nazis’ vitriolic and foremost hate monger† (Thompson, 2004, parag. 11). On the other hand, there have also been countless examples of propaganda back in the 18th century. Propaganda was employed, to promote the cause of independence, through the dissemination of pamphlets during the American Revolution. In France and Europe, there was widespread criticisms for the ruling class by learned men. It was an age when anti-enlightenment ideas proliferated, and propaganda was at its peak. III. Propaganda in the Arab World Propaganda has found strong use in the Arab world. â€Å"The anti-Semitic literature published by the Arabs since World War II has been voluminous†¦Arab propagandists and sympathizers have persisted in the charge that Israel is a foreign outpost of Western civilization, the intruding offspring of Europe inhabited by European survivors of Nazi brutality† (Peters, n. d. ). Consumed by the overriding belief that Israel does not have the right to exist, most Arab and Muslim states engaged in propagandist tactics, including biased reporting and use of language that detracts from the true meaning. Propaganda was also applied through the use of official newspapers that tackled how Jews manage all the world’s governments. In similar manner, the US government has launched anti-Arab propaganda material, much to its own detriment and reputation in the international community. References Brahm, Eric. (2006). â€Å"Propaganda. † Beyond Intractability. Eds. Guy Burgess and Heidi Burgess. Retrieved May 31, 2009, from http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/propaganda/ Funk & Wagnalls Standard College Dictionary. (1963). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. Jowett, Garth S. and Victoria O’Donnell. (2006). Propaganda and persuasion (4th ed. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Peters, Joan. (n. d. ). â€Å"From time immemorial – the origins of the Arab-Jewish conflict over Palestine. † Retrieved May 31, 2009, from http://gospelpedlar. com/articles/Church%20History/jews. html